ABSTRACT
The average life expectancy in the United States fell for the second straight year. Attributed mostly to COVID-19 and unintentional injuries (driven by drug overdoses), the third most prevalent cause of death is heart disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an often-unrecognized global pandemic affecting more than 220 million. Since early 2000, the incidence of PAD has increased by 25% globally, Once considered a male-dominated disease, PAD is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among women. This article provides a comprehensive review of the sex-linked risk factors for PAD that pose additional threats for women. Implications for practice are provided.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Measuring clinical outcomes in prelicensure students is desired by key stakeholders but is fraught with challenges. There are currently no standardized, psychometrically validated clinical-outcome measures available for prelicensure nursing programs, requiring each program to design its own measures. METHOD: We conducted a review of the potential antecedents of this gap, as well as models for standardized clinical outcome measures and recommendations from within health-professions education. RESULTS: There are benefits to pursuing a standardized clinical outcome tool, including an improved student learning experience and unifying our communication regarding graduate nurse preparation to valued stakeholders. CONCLUSION: Nursing education has a unique opportunity to emulate our colleagues in medicine and pharmacy by working at the national level to create a standardized tool using current psychometric methods for development and validation. [J Nurs Educ. 2021;60(12):686-689.].